Incrementalism is an approach designers use to address large problems. Doing incremental design, they wait for a chance to take small steps toward a known goal and win community support. Designers learn from and modify these interventions to match the current situation, promoting sustainable design instead of investing in high-risk grand solutions.
“The day the product team is announced, it is behind schedule and over its budget.”
— Don Norman: Father of User Experience design, author of the legendary book The Design of Everyday Things, co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group, and former VP of the Advanced Technology Group at Apple.
See why incrementalism works best for tricky, real-world problems.
Big Problems Demand Little Steps
It can seem counterintuitive to address big issues this way, but the world is far too complex to afford designers the luxury of producing grand solutions that might, at least theoretically, fix its serious problems. Apart from the massive expense and disruption such remedies involve, there’s another problem: time. We can’t hit “pause” on the rest of the world while we design miracle cures in a vacuum.
Cognitive science and usability engineering expert Don Norman considers 21st-century design the way for designers to tackle the world’s biggest and most important challenges, such as poverty, hunger and unequal access to healthcare. These critical challenges are difficult to solve because they involve complex interconnected systems that feed back and forth between one another. Furthermore, humans are designed to understand simple cause-and-effect chains instead of approaching feedback loops insightfully. For example, poverty is often the cause of many other significant socio-technical problems, but what about the many factors that feed into it and from it that keep the vicious cycle going? Designers face such complex socio-technical systems, which, like wicked problems, are:
Difficult to define.
Complex systems.
Difficult to know how to approach.
Difficult to know whether a solution has worked.
Associate Professor of Economics at Yale University Charles E. Lindblom’s article “The Science of ‘Muddling Through’” appeared in 1959. Although it focused on the policy-formulation approach of the U.S. executive bureaucracy, Lindblom’s work contains a kernel of truth for designers: Avoid applying grand solutions to big problems. Not only are these obscenely expensive, they also end up disrupting too many people’s lives. Moreover, big problems are, like other moving targets, hard to hit. And by the time you’d be ready with a grand solution, too much would have changed, anyway: the situation, the culture of the people you’re trying to help, even the problem itself. That’s why Norman’s principles of human-centered design are invaluable:
People-Centered: Focus on people and their context to create appropriate solutions. This includes participatory design that ensures user involvement in the process.
Understand and Solve the Right Problems: Address the root causes and underlying fundamental issues rather than just symptoms.
Everything is a System: Recognize that everything exists as a system of interconnected parts.
Small and Simple Interventions: Work iteratively rather than rushing to solutions.
Incrementalism is central to the last one: Small and simple interventions.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Use Incremental Design to Edge Towards Good Solutions
Make the best of the situation and use human- or humanity-centered design:
Be people-centered. Live among the people you want to help, to understand the true nature of the issues they face, their ways of seeing these, and any attempts they’ve made to solve them. For example, your population might be malnourished and can’t use all their farmland because of ill-marked landmine fields from an old civil war.
Solve the right problem. Deeply examine the factors driving the people’s problems. Try the 5 Whys approach. The landmines might seem to be the root cause, but they might be symptoms of something else that runs deeper (e.g., longstanding group factionalism). So, in this case you might suggest farming alternatives, to feed the people sustainably so they can work towards progress. For example, might they grow food hydroponically (i.e., in water containers) until demining efforts clear the land properly?
See everything as a system. Use systems thinking to untangle as many parts of the problem(s) as possible. Complex socio-technical systems demand hard investigation and working alongside experts and, principally, the people you intend to help. Community-driven design is crucial for finding optimal solutions within the system(s) involved.
Now, take the first steps towards a real solution:
Wait for the opportunity to do a small test of the small-scale solution you’ve co-created with the community. E.g., Build hydroponic farms in old, unused buildings using repurposed mirrors and solar panels.
If it’s successful, evaluate the degree of success; then adapt and modify it or repeat it several times. If it fails, learn from the experience to guide yourself towards the known goal. E.g., you introduce more cheap-to-grow crops in two more improvised hydroponic farms.
If it keeps succeeding, you’ll gain more community support and find you/they can achieve even more. E.g., the community can start selling their surplus crops.
Over time, monitor outcomes and modify the approach as needed. E.g., the hydroponic farms win government support, and demining efforts improve to help clear the way for safe farmland again.
Tips:
Divide big problems extensively and be patient for the best chance to take the best small-level action.
Work with the local community leaders and listen carefully to their views about everything.
Check if some of the community’s existing solutions are salvageable or modifiable.
Remember, low-tech solutions are typically cheap and easy to build, understand, use and maintain.
Move slowly; let the results speak for themselves to the community, government agencies and beyond.
The journey is rarely smooth or predictable, but small steps in the right direction work best.
