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What are Cognitive Biases?
Cognitive bias is an umbrella term that refers to the systematic ways in which the context and framing of information influence individuals’ judgment and decision-making. There are many kinds of cognitive biases that influence individuals differently, but their common characteristic is that—in step with human individuality—they lead to judgment and decision-making that deviates from rational objectivity.
In some cases, cognitive biases make our thinking and decision-making faster and more efficient. The reason is that we do not stop to consider all available information, as our thoughts proceed down some channels instead of others. In other cases, however, cognitive biases can lead to errors for exactly the same reason. An example is confirmation bias, where we tend to favor information that reinforces or confirms our pre-existing beliefs. For instance, if we believe that planes are dangerous, a handful of stories about plane crashes tend to be more memorable than millions of stories about safe, successful flights. Thus, the prospect of air travel equates to an avoidable risk of doom for a person inclined to think in this way, regardless of how much time has passed without news of an air catastrophe.
Researchers Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman conducted a number of studies on cognitive bias and found that framing identical information differently (i.e., presenting the same information differently) can lead to opposing decisions being made. This means that cognitive biases play an important role in information design, because they influence users’ or customers’ decision-making processes. How we present information on webpages and user interfaces can affect how likely users are to perform certain actions, such as purchasing a product.
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Groupthink is dangerous to our objectivity. It prevents us from thinking for ourselves and making the best decisions. Designers need to be cautious about falling into the bandwagon bias trap but also be aware of how it can be exploited in their designs to improve user experiences and get users to ma
Deformation Professionnelle and the Dunning-Kruger Effect – When Expertise Isn’t So Great
There can be quite a bit of confusion when you think about what the word “expertise” means. We all like to believe we have areas of expertise. However, sometimes, this leads to an over-estimation of our capacities. We fail to see our limits and how they might affect our results. A similar fairly pai
The Bias Blind Spot and Unconscious Bias in Design
It’s useful for designers to understand bias both so that they combat their own biases when they work and so that they can tap into the biases of their users to provide better user experiences. But what happens when we can’t acknowledge our own biases? That’s when we need to understand the bias blin
Confirmation Bias – It’s Not What We Think We Know That Counts
Confirmation bias is a pernicious form of bias that can cause real problems in both UX research and our own lives. Learning to recognize and eliminate confirmation bias leads to better decision making, better research and ultimately better products and user experiences.One of the most famous, and fl
Evaluating the outcomes of our actions makes sense. However, there is a cognitive bias where we place too much weight on the outcome and aren’t critical enough of the process by which we reached that outcome. Learning to avoid the outcome bias can help improve the quality of our decision making proc
Extreme Aversion Bias – Sometimes the Risk is Worth the Reward
Playing it safe is a good strategy for much of the time. Yet, the biggest rewards often come with an element of risk. If we want our designs and our careers to take off – we need to overcome our aversion to taking an extreme option at times. That doesn’t mean becoming an inveterate gambler but rathe
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The Bias Blind Spot and Unconscious Bias in Design
It’s useful for designers to understand bias both so that they combat their own biases when they work and so that they can tap into the biases of their users to provide better user experiences. But what happens when we can’t acknowledge our own biases? That’s when we need to understand the bias blind spot so that we can work more effectively despite the limitations of our natural tendencies.
We all have biases. The biases we hold reflect the fact that we only have a partial perspective on the world around us. You can be biased towards or against many things including ideas, cultures, individuals, race, gender, sexuality, political standpoints, social class, species, etc.
Understanding our own biases can help us overcome them. Understanding the biases of others can help us improve the user experience and help us develop the people around us.
Bias is not, by definition, always a bad thing. Our biases serve a purpose from an evolutionary standpoint. Our 5 senses supply us with incredible amounts of data constantly. It’s impossible for the human brain to process all this information – there’s simply too much of it.
Thus to make our lives easier, our brains are programmed to take short cuts when interpreting data. We develop a bunch of rules that we tap into unconsciously that allow us to make instant decisions and judgements.
There was a time when this was extremely useful. If you were to go back to the time when humanity was a hunter-gatherer society; it’s easy to see how this was useful. Imagine that you were walking through a rainforest and that you saw, out of the corner of your eye, a flash of orange and black in the trees. Your brain would kick in and say; “That could be a tiger!” and you could quickly implement a plan for dealing with tigers (running away, fighting, playing dead, etc.).
The idea is that your learned bias (orange + black = tiger) gave you a head start on preventing being eaten by a tiger. This was true even if the orange and black had a more prosaic reason for being (like being part of the colour of a plant).
In essence your brain works on the principle that it’s usually better to be safe than it is to be sorry. It doesn’t matter whether those colours are a tiger; it matters that we’re ready for one just in case.
Unfortunately, when bias comes into play in the modern world – things become a little more complicated. We develop our biases through genetics, through education, through the work that we do, through the people we interact with, the culture we grow up in, etc. and they don’t always serve a useful purpose.
Everyone is subject to unconscious bias. In fact, once we examine biases – it’s pretty obvious that this is true. Unfortunately, what we struggle to understand is how biased we are and how our biases can work against us and often how they can work against others too.
Everyone has some form of unconscious bias. It’s part of what makes us human. But when you examine our understanding of this – things get a little peculiar.
For example; what percentage of the population will be more biased than the average person? If you think about this; the answer is obvious. 50% of people are more biased than average and as you’d expect 50% are less biased than the average too.
But if you ask people; “Are you more biased than the average person?” you get a strange result. Out of every 661 people you ask, only one will say “yes”! To put that another way only approximately 0.15% of us believe that we’re more biased than average – even though, by definition, 50% of us are!
In fact, research carried out at Boston University found:
Most people have no idea of how biased they actually are
Most people believe the people around them are more biased than they themselves are
This is the bias blind spot. Our ability to perceive bias in others is actually pretty good. Our ability to perceive bias in ourselves is generally dreadful.
This leads to bias that can damage the way we work and an inability to tackle it – because we can’t see it.
It’s been shown, for example, that female managers are as likely to discriminate against female employees as male managers. Their unconscious bias (a product of many things) actually presents itself in direct contrast to their conscious beliefs (the correct understanding that women are every bit as capable as men).
How Can the Bias Blind Spot Cause Problems for Us?
The bias blind spot can be incredibly problematic. When we operate from within our blind spot; it’s been shown that we are more likely to reject the input of peers and/or experts in a subject and that we are also least likely to benefit from education and training concerning our particular bias.
This can be explained rationally too. Society teaches us that bias is a bad thing. The word has negative connotations. Most of us would prefer not to see ourselves as the kind of people who do bad things. In fact, we’re taught from an early age that that’s not who we are.
This leads us to believe that we must be rational. That our actions and judgments are accurate and therefore without bias. However, it doesn’t stop us from seeing the flaws in others because of their biases.
How Can We Tackle the Bias Blind Spot?
It’s very difficult to tackle the blind spot bias on your own. The first step is acknowledging that it may exist but challenging ourselves to take action is difficult. Once you have acknowledged the existence of the blind spot bias you can commit to tackling the biases it masks but it may be easier to enrol the services of a coach to help you with this.
The Take Away
We all have unconscious biases and that’s part of what makes us human. It’s how the brain is designed to work. Most of us also suffer from blind spot bias and that makes it difficult for us to tackle the underlying biases and the way they affect the way we work. It’s very helpful to do so – once we address our biases we can become much more effective in the way we relate to the world and other people.
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